习题练习

[{"id":1230,"subject":"数学","grade":"七年级","stage":"初中","type":"解答题","content":"某学生在研究平面直角坐标系中的几何问题时，发现一个动点P(x, y)始终满足以下两个条件：(1) 点P到点A(3, 0)的距离与到点B(-3, 0)的距离之和恒为10；(2) 点P的纵坐标y满足不等式 2y + 4 < 3y - 1。已知该动点P的轨迹与x轴围成一个封闭图形，求该图形的面积，并判断是否存在这样的点P同时满足上述两个条件。","answer":"解：\n\n第一步：分析条件(1)\n点P(x, y)到A(3, 0)和B(-3, 0)的距离之和为10，即：\n√[(x - 3)² + y²] + √[(x + 3)² + y²] = 10\n这是椭圆的定义：到两个定点（焦点）距离之和为定值（大于两焦点间距离）的点的轨迹。\n两焦点A(3,0)、B(-3,0)之间的距离为6，而定值为10 > 6，符合条件。\n因此，点P的轨迹是以A、B为焦点，长轴长为10的椭圆。\n\n椭圆标准形式：中心在原点，焦点在x轴上。\n焦距2c = 6 ⇒ c = 3\n长轴2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5\n由椭圆关系：b² = a² - c² = 25 - 9 = 16 ⇒ b = 4\n所以椭圆方程为：x²\/25 + y²\/16 = 1\n\n该椭圆与x轴围成的封闭图形即为椭圆本身，其面积为：\nS = πab = π × 5 × 4 = 20π\n\n第二步：分析条件(2)\n解不等式：2y + 4 < 3y - 1\n移项得：4 + 1 < 3y - 2y ⇒ 5 < y ⇒ y > 5\n\n第三步：判断是否存在同时满足两个条件的点P\n由椭圆方程 x²\/25 + y²\/16 = 1，可知y的取值范围为：\n-4 ≤ y ≤ 4（因为y²\/16 ≤ 1 ⇒ |y| ≤ 4）\n但条件(2)要求 y > 5，而5 > 4，因此y > 5不在椭圆的y取值范围内。\n\n结论：不存在同时满足两个条件的点P。\n\n最终答案：\n该封闭图形的面积为20π；不存在同时满足两个条件的点P。","explanation":"本题综合考查了平面直角坐标系、椭圆的几何定义、实数运算、不等式求解以及逻辑推理能力。首先利用椭圆的定义将距离和转化为标准椭圆方程，进而求出面积；然后通过解不等式得到y的范围；最后通过比较椭圆的y值范围与不等式解集，判断是否存在公共解。题目融合了代数与几何，要求学生具备较强的综合分析能力，属于困难难度。解题关键在于理解椭圆的定义及其几何性质，并准确进行不等式的求解与范围比较。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"困难","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2026-01-06 10:26:43","updated_at":"2026-01-06 10:26:43","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":425,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"初中","type":"选择题","content":"某学生在整理班级同学的课外阅读情况时，收集了以下数据：喜欢小说的有18人，喜欢科普书的有12人，两种都喜欢的有5人，两种都不喜欢的有8人。请问该班级共有多少名学生？","answer":"A","explanation":"本题考查数据的收集、整理与描述中的集合思想。根据题意，喜欢小说的有18人，喜欢科普书的有12人，但其中有5人是重复计算的（两种都喜欢），因此至少喜欢一种书的人数为：18 + 12 - 5 = 25人。再加上两种都不喜欢的8人，班级总人数为：25 + 8 = 33人。因此正确答案是A。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-29 17:33:49","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[{"id":"A","content":"33人","is_correct":1},{"id":"B","content":"35人","is_correct":0},{"id":"C","content":"38人","is_correct":0},{"id":"D","content":"43人","is_correct":0}]},{"id":1317,"subject":"数学","grade":"七年级","stage":"初中","type":"解答题","content":"某校七年级组织学生参加数学实践活动，要求测量并绘制校园内一个不规则多边形花坛的平面图。已知该花坛的边界由五条线段首尾相连组成，形成一个凸五边形。测量小组在平面直角坐标系中确定了五个顶点的坐标分别为 A(2, 3)、B(5, 7)、C(9, 6)、D(8, 2)、E(4, 1)。为了计算花坛的面积，一名学生采用‘分割法’，将五边形 ABCDE 分割为一个三角形和一个梯形。他首先连接对角线 AC，将原五边形分为四边形 ABCE 和三角形 ACD，但发现计算复杂。后来他改用另一种方法：利用坐标几何中的‘鞋带公式’（Shoelace Formula）直接计算多边形面积。请根据该学生的方法，使用鞋带公式计算该五边形花坛的面积，并验证结果是否合理。此外，若每平方米种植 4 株花，且预算允许最多种植 120 株，问该花坛是否适合按标准种植？请说明理由。","answer":"解题步骤如下：\n\n第一步：列出五边形顶点坐标，并按顺时针或逆时针顺序排列（此处按 A→B→C→D→E→A 顺序）：\nA(2, 3)\nB(5, 7)\nC(9, 6)\nD(8, 2)\nE(4, 1)\n回到 A(2, 3)\n\n第二步：应用鞋带公式计算面积。\n鞋带公式为：\n面积 = 1\/2 |Σ(x_i * y_{i+1}) - Σ(y_i * x_{i+1})|\n\n计算第一组乘积和（x_i * y_{i+1}）：\n2×7 = 14\n5×6 = 30\n9×2 = 18\n8×1 = 8\n4×3 = 12\n总和 = 14 + 30 + 18 + 8 + 12 = 82\n\n计算第二组乘积和（y_i * x_{i+1}）：\n3×5 = 15\n7×9 = 63\n6×8 = 48\n2×4 = 8\n1×2 = 2\n总和 = 15 + 63 + 48 + 8 + 2 = 136\n\n第三步：代入公式求面积：\n面积 = 1\/2 × |82 - 136| = 1\/2 × |-54| = 1\/2 × 54 = 27\n\n因此，五边形花坛的面积为 27 平方米。\n\n第四步：计算可种植的花株数量。\n每平方米种植 4 株，则总株数 = 27 × 4 = 108 株。\n\n第五步：判断是否适合种植。\n预算允许最多种植 120 株，而实际需要 108 株，108 < 120，因此在预算范围内。\n\n答：该花坛的面积为 27 平方米，最多可种植 108 株花，未超过预算上限，适合按标准种植。","explanation":"本题综合考查了平面直角坐标系、多边形面积计算（鞋带公式）、有理数运算及实际应用能力。鞋带公式是七年级学生在学习坐标系后可以拓展掌握的一种高效计算任意多边形面积的方法，尤其适用于顶点坐标已知的情况。题目通过真实情境引入，要求学生正确排序顶点、准确进行有理数乘法和加减运算，并最终结合不等式思想（108 ≤ 120）做出合理判断。解题关键在于理解公式的结构、避免符号错误，并能将数学结果应用于实际问题决策中，体现了数学建模的核心素养。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"困难","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2026-01-06 10:53:04","updated_at":"2026-01-06 10:53:04","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":763,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"初中","type":"填空题","content":"在某次班级数学测验中，老师将每位学生的成绩与班级平均分进行比较，记录差值（高于平均分记为正，低于平均分记为负）。已知某学生的成绩比平均分低8分，记作____；如果另一名学生的记录是+5，则他的实际成绩比平均分____（填“高”或“低”）____分。","answer":"-8；高；5","explanation":"根据题意，成绩低于平均分用负数表示，因此比平均分低8分应记作-8；记录为+5表示高于平均分，正数代表超出部分，因此比平均分高5分。本题考查有理数在实际情境中的应用，特别是对正负数意义的理解，符合七年级有理数知识点的要求。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-29 23:37:00","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":572,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"小学","type":"选择题","content":"35","answer":"待完善","explanation":"解析待完善","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-29 19:48:35","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":810,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"初中","type":"填空题","content":"在一次班级图书捐赠活动中，某学生第一天捐了若干本书，第二天比第一天多捐了5本，两天一共捐了23本。设第一天捐了___本书。","answer":"9","explanation":"设第一天捐了x本书，则第二天捐了(x + 5)本。根据题意，两天共捐书数量为：x + (x + 5) = 23。解这个一元一次方程：2x + 5 = 23，移项得2x = 18，解得x = 9。因此，第一天捐了9本书。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-30 00:25:12","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":340,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"初中","type":"选择题","content":"某班级进行了一次数学测验，成绩分布如下表所示。已知全班共有40名学生，其中成绩在80分及以上的学生人数是60分以下学生人数的3倍，且60分至79分的学生有12人。那么，成绩在80分及以上的学生有多少人？","answer":"B","explanation":"设60分以下的学生人数为x人，则80分及以上的学生人数为3x人。根据题意，全班总人数为40人，60分至79分的学生有12人，因此可以列出方程：x + 12 + 3x = 40。合并同类项得：4x + 12 = 40。两边同时减去12，得4x = 28。两边同时除以4，得x = 7。所以80分及以上的学生人数为3x = 3 × 7 = 21人。因此正确答案是B。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-29 15:40:35","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[{"id":"A","content":"18人","is_correct":0},{"id":"B","content":"21人","is_correct":1},{"id":"C","content":"24人","is_correct":0},{"id":"D","content":"27人","is_correct":0}]},{"id":2343,"subject":"数学","grade":"八年级","stage":"初中","type":"选择题","content":"某公园计划修建一个等腰三角形花坛，设计要求其周长为24米，且其中一条边长为9米。已知该三角形为轴对称图形，且满足三角形三边关系。若设底边为x米，两腰各为y米，则下列哪组方程能正确描述该三角形的设计条件？","answer":"D","explanation":"本题考查等腰三角形的性质、周长计算及三角形三边关系。已知花坛为等腰三角形，周长为24米，设底边为x，两腰为y，则周长公式为 x + 2y = 24。又因三角形任意两边之和大于第三边，任意两边之差小于第三边，即 |y - y| < x < y + y 可简化为 0 < x < 2y；同时需满足 |x - y| < y < x + y。由于 y > 0 且 x > 0，最关键的约束是两边之差小于第三边：|x - y| < y，即 -y < x - y < y，化简得 0 < x < 2y，这与三角形不等式一致。选项D中的 |x - y| < y < x + y 正确表达了以y为一边时，其余两边x与y需满足的不等关系，且结合 x + 2y = 24 可完整描述设计条件。其他选项要么逻辑错误（如A中|y−y|=0，表述冗余），要么不等式方向混乱。因此正确答案为D。","solution_steps":"","common_mistakes":"","learning_suggestions":"","difficulty":"中等","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2026-01-10 11:00:01","updated_at":"2026-01-10 11:00:01","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[{"id":"A","content":"x + 2y = 24 且 |y - y| < x < y + y","is_correct":0},{"id":"B","content":"x + 2y = 24 且 |y - x| < y < y + x","is_correct":0},{"id":"C","content":"x + 2y = 24 且 |y - y| < x < 2y","is_correct":0},{"id":"D","content":"x + 2y = 24 且 |x - y| < y < x + y","is_correct":1}]},{"id":1314,"subject":"数学","grade":"七年级","stage":"小学","type":"解答题","content":"某学生在研究城市公园的路径规划时，发现一个矩形花坛ABCD被两条互相垂直的小路EF和GH分割成四个区域，其中E、F分别在AB和CD上，G、H分别在AD和BC上。已知矩形ABCD的长为(3x + 2)米，宽为(2x - 1)米，小路EF平行于AD，小路GH平行于AB，且两条小路的宽度均为1米。若四个区域的总面积比原矩形花坛面积减少了17平方米，求x的值。","answer":"解：\n\n设矩形ABCD的长为 AB = CD = (3x + 2) 米，宽为 AD = BC = (2x - 1) 米。\n\n则原矩形花坛的面积为：\nS_原 = 长 × 宽 = (3x + 2)(2x - 1)\n\n展开得：\nS_原 = 3x·2x + 3x·(-1) + 2·2x + 2·(-1) = 6x² - 3x + 4x - 2 = 6x² + x - 2\n\n小路EF平行于AD，说明EF是横向小路，长度为AB = (3x + 2) 米，宽度为1米，因此其面积为：\nS_EF = (3x + 2) × 1 = 3x + 2\n\n小路GH平行于AB，说明GH是纵向小路，长度为AD = (2x - 1) 米，宽度为1米，因此其面积为：\nS_GH = (2x - 1) × 1 = 2x - 1\n\n但注意：两条小路在中心相交，重叠部分是一个1×1 = 1平方米的正方形，被重复计算了一次，因此实际减少的面积为：\nS_减少 = S_EF + S_GH - 1 = (3x + 2) + (2x - 1) - 1 = 5x\n\n根据题意，四个区域的总面积比原面积减少了17平方米，即：\nS_减少 = 17\n\n所以有方程：\n5x = 17\n\n解得：\nx = 17 ÷ 5 = 3.4\n\n答：x 的值为 3.4。","explanation":"本题综合考查了整式的加减、一元一次方程以及几何图形初步中的面积计算。解题关键在于理解两条互相垂直的小路将矩形分割后，其面积减少的部分等于两条小路面积之和减去重叠部分（避免重复计算）。通过设定变量、列代数式表示原面积和小路面积，建立一元一次方程求解。难点在于识别重叠区域的处理，以及正确展开和化简整式。题目情境新颖，结合实际生活中的路径规划，考查学生的建模能力和逻辑推理能力，符合七年级数学课程中关于整式运算和一元一次方程的应用要求。","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"困难","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:57","updated_at":"2026-01-06 10:51:57","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]},{"id":620,"subject":"数学","grade":"初一","stage":"小学","type":"选择题","content":"72度","answer":"待完善","explanation":"解析待完善","solution_steps":null,"common_mistakes":null,"learning_suggestions":null,"difficulty":"简单","points":1,"is_active":1,"created_at":"2025-12-29 21:45:21","updated_at":"2025-12-30 11:11:27","sort_order":0,"source":null,"tags":null,"analysis":null,"knowledge_point":null,"difficulty_coefficient":null,"suggested_time":null,"accuracy_rate":null,"usage_count":0,"last_used":null,"view_count":0,"favorite_count":0,"options":[]}]